proactive inhibition (from the article "learning theory") ...to be associated with table . In general, it is found that associations tend to interfere ...
probabiliorism (from the article "probabilism") Probabiliorism, which enjoins following the more probable opinion, was predominant in the 18th century before ...
probabilism in casuistry, a principle of action grounded on the premise that, when one does not ... [2 Related Articles]
probabilistic automaton (from the article "automata theory") It was traditional in the early treatment of automata theory to identify an automaton with ...
probabilistic error term (from the article "statistics") ...variable x is y = beta0 + beta1 x + epsilon. beta0 and beta1 are referred ...
probabilistic law (from the article "nature, law of") Laws of nature are of two basic forms: (1) a law is universal if it ...
probabilistic risk assessment (from the article "nuclear reactor") ...1972 (the AEC was disbanded in 1974 and its functions have been assumed by the ...
probability and statistics the branches of mathematics concerned with the laws governing random events, including the collection, analysis, ... [16 Related Articles]
probability density function (from the article "probability theory") For random variables having a continuum of possible values, the function that plays the same ...
probability mass function (from the article "statistics") ...for a random variable describes how the probabilities are distributed over the values of the ...
probability measure (from the article "probability theory") Given a set S and a sigma-field M of subsets of S, a probability measure ...
probability sampling (from the article "sampling") ...information from every member of the population, as in biological or chemical analysis, industrial quality ...
probability space (from the article "automata theory") Finally, it is to be observed that the concept of chance or random number, wherever ...
probability theory a branch of mathematics concerned with the analysis of random phenomena. The outcome of a ... [15 Related Articles]
probable cause (from the article "crime") One important procedure is the search of a suspect's person or property. Most common-law jurisdictions ...
probate in Anglo-American law, the judicial proceedings by which it is determined whether or not a ... [1 Related Articles]
Probate Court (from the article "inheritance") ...by other agencies. In some places the job was for some time performed by the ...
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division (from the article "inheritance") ...its peculiar features of probate and administration. In England the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts ...
probation correctional method under which the sentences of selected offenders may be conditionally suspended upon the ... [3 Related Articles]
probe (from the article "plant disease") ...biology have made genetic studies for the characterization and identification of bacteria more practical. The ...
probe (from the article "plasma") ...densities, temperatures, electric and magnetic field strengths, and particle velocities. In the laboratory and in ...
probe hole (from the article "mining") The most widely used exploration technique is the drilling of probe holes. In this practice ...
probenecid drug used in the treatment of chronic gout, a disorder that is characterized by recurrent ... [1 Related Articles]
problem (from the article "mathematics") One such field is the study of geometric constructions. Euclid, like geometers in the generation ...
problem finding (from the article "intelligence, human") ...influence, Piaget's theory continues to serve as a basis for other views. One theory has ...
problem play type of drama that developed in the 19th century to deal with controversial social issues ... [1 Related Articles]
problem solving (from the article "artificial intelligence") Problem solving, particularly in artificial intelligence, may be characterized as a systematic search through a ...
problem-oriented language (from the article "computer program") ...a coded program directly executable by the computer on which the task is to be ...
problem-solving environment (from the article "numerical analysis") ...even when the user is unaware of the underlying mathematics. Attaining this level of user ...
problematic conditional (from the article "applied logic") ...and consequent ("then" clause): "If p, then q," without any reference to the status of ...
Probolinggo city, central Jawa Timur (East Java) provinsi (province), Java, Indonesia. It is ...
Proboscidea louisianica (from the article "unicorn plant") any North American herb of the family Martyniaceae of the flowering plant order Lamiales, and ...
proboscidean any of the group of mammals that includes elephants and their extinct relatives such as ...
probosciform penis (from the article "cirripede") Testes are situated in the trunk. Paired sperm ducts pass posteriorly below and to the ...
proboscis (from the article "circulation") Among the phylum Hemichordata are the enteropneusts (acornworms), which are worm-shaped inhabitants of shallow seas ...
proboscis monkey long-tailed arboreal primate found along rivers and in swampy mangrove forests of Borneo. Named for ...
proboscis worm (from the article "bloodworm") ...the phylum Annelida. Included are worms of the freshwater genus Tubifex, also known as sludge ...
Proboscoidea (from the article "Lamiales") ...is Martyniaceae, with 5 genera and 16 species of sticky, hairy herbs native to the ...
Probus Roman emperor from AD 276 to 282. [3 Related Articles]
Probus, Marcus Valerius (from the article "classical scholarship") ...imperial period was one of great achievement. It was the age of commentators such as ...
procainamide (from the article "Drugs and health care products") Quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, and phenytoin exert their antiarrhythmic effects by reducing electrical excitability. Quinidine and ...
procaine hydrochloride synthetic organic compound used in medicine as a local anesthetic. Introduced in 1905 under the ...
procambium (from the article "plant development") ...stem and the root are terminal meristems. In the stem apex, the uppermost part is ...
procedural language (from the article "computer programming language") Programs written in procedural languages, the most common kind, are like recipes, having lists of ...
procedural law the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the ... [7 Related Articles]
procedural stability (from the article "constitution") Certain fundamental procedures must not be subject to frequent or arbitrary change. Citizens must know ...
procellariiform any of the group of seabirds that includes the albatrosses (family Diomedeidae); shearwaters, fulmars, prions, ... [2 Related Articles]
procerus muscle (from the article "eye, human") ..."roof" over the medial angle of the eye and producing characteristic furrows in the forehead; ...
process (from the article "thermodynamics") ...in one of the state functions, such as the temperature by adding heat or the ...
process annealing (from the article "annealing") treatment of a metal or alloy by heating to a predetermined temperature, holding for a ...
process camera (from the article "photoengraving") The engravers' camera, called a process camera, is a rigidly built machine designed to allow ...
process cheese (from the article "dairy product") Some natural cheese is made into process cheese, a product in which complete ripening is ...
process control (from the article "production management") ...most important issue. The production manager must plan and control the process of production so ...
process costing (from the article "accounting") ...The most fully developed methods of cost finding are used to estimate the costs that ...
process geomorphology (from the article "continental landform") ...It is, however, more nearly aimed at actual surficial changes that pertain to landforms than ...
process metallurgy (from the article "metallurgy") Following separation and concentration by mineral processing, metallic minerals are subjected to extractive metallurgy, in ...
process philosophy a 20th-century school of Western philosophy that emphasizes the elements of becoming, change, and novelty ... [9 Related Articles]
process synchronization (from the article "computer science") Process synchronization is required when one process must wait for another to complete some operation ...
process theology (from the article "Hartshorne, Charles") ...thinkers. Hartshorne's work was also shaped by Whitehead, his friend and mentor. He adapted Whitehead's ...
processing (from the article "photography, technology of") Black-and-white processing and printingphotography, technology ...
processing fabric (from the article "textile") Processing fabrics are used by various manufacturers for such purposes as filtration, for bolting cloths ...
procession in Christianity, organized body of people advancing in formal or ceremonial manner as an element ... [3 Related Articles]
processional staging (from the article "theatre") The fifth type of staging employed movable settings. Processional staging was particularly popular in Spain. ...
Processional Way (from the article "roads and highways") In Babylon about 615 BC the Chaldeans connected the city's temples to the royal palaces ...
processionary caterpillar larval stage characteristic of the small insect family Thaumetopoeidae (order Lepidoptera), sometimes classified as part ... [1 Related Articles]
Prochazka, Jan (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...back with sanctions: Jan Benes was sent to prison for antistate propaganda; Ludvik Vaculik, Antonin ...
Prochlorales (from the article "bacteria") ...Oxyphotobacteria Gram-negative bacteria that carry out oxygen-evolving photosynthesis. Includes the cyanobacteria and the order Prochlorales; gliding ...
prochlorophyte algae (from the article "algae") The algae as treated in this article do not include the prokaryotic (nucleus-lacking) blue-green algae ...
Procida, Island of island near the northwest entrance to the Bay of Naples, Campania regione, southern Italy. It ...
Prock, Markus (from the article "Hackl, Georg") ...in 1992 at Albertville, France, with polished starts, a refined technique, and an older style ...
Proclamation Society (from the article "Wilberforce, William") ...trader who had repented and who had been the pastor at Wilberforce's church when he ...
Proclus the last major Greek philosopher. He was influential in helping Neoplatonic ideas to spread throughout ... [9 Related Articles]
Proclus of Constantinople (from the article "patristic literature") A number of theologians and ecclesiastics either prepared the way for or contributed to the ...
Procne (from the article "Tereus") in Greek legend, king of Thrace, or of Phocis, who married Procne, daughter of Pandion, ...
Procnias (from the article "bellbird") Four bellbird species live in Central and South America and constitute the genus Procnias , although ...
Procolophonia (from the article "reptile") ...and cowlike. Dermal sculpturing of large tuberosities and deep pits on skull; limbs well developed; ...
proconsul in the ancient Roman Republic, a consul whose powers had been extended for a definite ... [2 Related Articles]
Proconsul (from the article "ape") ...deposits have yielded such fossils as Pliopithecus, once thought to be related to gibbons but ...
Proconsul africanus (from the article "Leakey, Louis S.B.") Among the other important finds made by Leakey's team was the discovery in 1948 at ...
Proconsulidae (from the article "primate") ... diverged from the modern ape/human lineage before any of the living members of this group ...
Procopius Byzantine historian whose works are an indispensable source for his period and contain much geographical ... [6 Related Articles]
Procopius (from the article "ancient Rome") ...who was incapable and suspicious, had fallen under the influence of legists, such as the ...
Procris (from the article "Cephalus") ...the vixen of Teumessus that had ravaged Boeotia. Ovid (Metamorphoses , Book VII) ...
Procrustes in Greek legend, a robber dwelling somewhere in Attica-in some versions, in the neighbourhood of ...
Procter & Gamble Company major American manufacturer of soaps, cleansers, and other household products. Headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio. [1 Related Articles]
Procter, Henry A. (from the article "Thames, Battle of the") After the U.S. naval triumph in the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, the ...
Procter, Thomas (from the article "roads and highways") ...meet that demand. In 1585 the Italian engineer Guido Toglietta wrote a thoughtful treatise on ...
Procter, William Cooper American manufacturer who established the nation's first profit-sharing plan for employees.
proctitis acute inflammatory infection of the anus and rectum. The most common cause of proctitis is ...
proctocolitis (from the article "proctitis") ...treatment are often complicated by the presence of multiple sexually transmitted infections in the same ...
proctor in English law, formerly a practitioner in ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, who performed duties similar ... [1 Related Articles]
proctoscope (from the article "diagnosis") A rigid, 25-centimetre sigmoidoscope is less expensive and allows direct visualization of the bowel, but ...
proctosigmoidoscope (from the article "colorectal cancer") ...for abnormalities. A fecal test may also be used to detect the presence of blood ...
proctosigmoidoscopy (from the article "diagnosis") Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. ...
procuracy in the former Soviet legal system, a government bureau concerned with ensuring administrative legality. The ... [3 Related Articles]
procurador (from the article "Cortes") ...in Catalonia from 1218, Valencia (1283), Aragon (1274), and Navarre (1300). The Cortes of Leon ...
procurator government financial agent in ancient Rome. From the reign of the emperor Augustus (27 BC-AD ... [2 Related Articles]
procurator-fiscal (from the article "crime") ...is not part of either the police or the judicial system; a wide variety of ...
procureur (from the article "ministere public") ...prosecutor, with the responsibility for prosecuting criminal cases and representing the interests of society in ...
procureur general (from the article "Cour de Cassation") ...five civil chambers, including those that dealt specifically with financial and commercial problems or with ...
procuticle (from the article "arthropod") ...and, with the muscle system, contributes to efficient locomotion. The exoskeleton is composed of a ...
Procynosuchidae (from the article "cynodont") The suborder Cynodontia contains, according to some classifications, five families-Procynosuchidae, Galesauridae, Tritylodontidae, Chiniquodontidae, and Trithelodontidae. ...
Procyon brightest star in the northern constellation Canis Minor (Lesser Dog) and one of the brightest ... [3 Related Articles]
procyonid any of a group of tree-climbing mammals comprising raccoons, coatis, the New World ringtail, the ... [2 Related Articles]
Prodanov, Christo (from the article "Everest, Mount") Several teams attempted to repeat the Yugoslav West Ridge direct route without success, until a ...
Prodi bis (from the article "Italy") ...as the fragile centre-left coalition government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi collapsed in February only ...
Prodi, Romano Italian politician who was twice prime minister of Italy (1996-98; 2006-08) and who served as ... [7 Related Articles]
Prodicus (from the article "logic, history of") Other authors too contributed to a growing Greek interest in inference and proof. Early rhetoricians ...
prodigy a child who, by about age 10, performs at the level of a highly trained ...
Prodigy, the (from the article "techno") ...touch of the Detroit originators and their inheritors Carl Craig and Jeff Mills, a rowdy, ...
prodomal period (from the article "virus") ...chickenpox, in which the growth of the specific virus in the mucosal cells of the ...
Prodoxidae (from the article "community ecology") The study of the coevolution between moths of the family Prodoxidae and their host plants ...
Prodromus, Theodore Byzantine writer, well known for his prose and poetry, some of which is in the ...
producer (from the article "carbon cycle") ...many of which are essential to life on Earth. The source of the carbon found ...
producer gas mixture of flammable gases (principally carbon monoxide and hydrogen) and nonflammable gases (mainly nitrogen and ... [1 Related Articles]
producer goods in economics, goods manufactured and used in further manufacturing, processing, or resale. Producer goods either ... [1 Related Articles]
producer's cooperative (from the article "marketing") ...lines such as housewares or personal goods, primarily serve drug and grocery retailers. Rack jobbers ...
producer's risk (from the article "statistics") ...being used, the probabilities of erroneous decisions need to be considered. The error of rejecting ...
producing (from the article "regisseur") ...rehearsal of the actors, and the overall responsibility for the technical and economic aspects of ...
product (from the article "marketing") Productbarter barter the direct exchange of goods ...
product (from the article "arithmetic") ...multiplication is defined. The number 5 is called the multiplicand; the number 3, which denotes ...
product cipher (from the article "cipher") ...without any change in the identity of the elements. In substitution systems, such elements are ...
product development (from the article "aerospace industry") Initiation of the product development process differs between the military and commercial sectors. In the ...
product differentiation (from the article "monopoly and competition") The structure of a market is also affected by the extent to which those who ...
product liability insurance (from the article "liability insurance") Product liability and malpractice insurance present special problems because of the increasingly high cost of ...
product placement (from the article "Media and Publishing") A July report by PQ Media revealed that product placement, which influenced every segment of ...
© 2006, Encyclopædia Universalis France S.A. Tous droits de propriété industrielle et intellectuelle réservés.