calculation (from the article "chemical bonding") There are two strands of approach to the computation of molecular structure. In the semiempirical ...
calculator machine for automatically performing arithmetical operations and certain mathematical functions. Modern calculators are descendants of ... [8 Related Articles]
calculus branch of mathematics concerned with the calculation of instantaneous rates of change (differential calculus) and ... [23 Related Articles]
calculus (from the article "mineral") ...extent of organically formed aragonite. Minerals also are produced by the human body: hydroxylapatite [Ca5 (PO4 )3 (OH)] ...
calculus of reason (from the article "logic, history of") Another and distinct goal Leibniz proposed for logic was a "calculus of reason" (calculus ratiocinator ). ...
calculus of variations branch of mathematics concerned with the problem of finding a function for which the value ... [7 Related Articles]
Calcutta city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772-1912) of British India. It is ... [11 Related Articles]
Calcutta Congress (from the article "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand") ...Sir John Simon, a prominent English lawyer and politician, that did not contain a single ...
Calcutta High Court (from the article "Calcutta") ...Raj Bhavan. The state Legislative Assembly is located in the city, as is the Secretariat, ...
Calcutta Metropolitan District (from the article "Calcutta") ...a number of committees to conduct the activities of the corporation. A commissioner, the executive ...
Calcutta Municipal Corporation (from the article "Calcutta") Government in the city proper is the responsibility of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation; the corporation's ...
Calcutta, University of state-controlled institution of higher learning founded by the British in India in 1857. Modeled on ... [1 Related Articles]
Caldas departamento , west-central Colombia. It is situated in the Cordillera Central of the ... Caldecott Medal annual prize awarded "to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children." ...
Caldecott, Randolph English artist chiefly known for the gently satirical drawings and coloured book illustrations that won ...
Calder Hall reactor (from the article "Notable early nuclear reactors") ...silk weaving. Tourism has grown in importance. Whitehaven, the administrative centre, is also a fishing ...
Calder Memorial Trophy (from the article "ice hockey") ...awards are the Vezina Trophy, for the goalie voted best at his position by NHL ...
Calder v. Bull (from the article "Iredell, James") Iredell's opinion in Calder v. Bull (1798) helped establish the principle of judicial review five ...
Calder, Alexander American sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture ... [6 Related Articles]
Calder, Angus Lindsay Scottish critic, poet, and historian published numerous literary criticisms, collections of poetry, and historical analyses, ...
caldera large bowl-shaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. ... [7 Related Articles]
Caldera, Rafael (from the article "Venezuela") ...more, and a new petrochemical industry was launched. Although prosperity had returned, growing popular dissatisfaction ...
Calderdale westernmost metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough is part of ...
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro dramatist and poet who succeeded Lope de Vega as the greatest Spanish playwright of the ... [5 Related Articles]
Calderon Fournier, Rafael Angel (from the article "Costa Rica") ...trade agreements, and preelection fever dominated the attention of Costa Ricans in 2005. In late ...
Calderon Guardia, Rafael Angel (from the article "Figueres Ferrer, Jose") ...agriculture, engaging in coffee planting and the production of cabuya (an agave ...
Calderon Sol, Armando (from the article "El Salvador") Armando Calderon Sol of Arena triumphed in the presidential election of 1994, and his party ...
Calderon, Felipe politician who became president of Mexico in 2006. [7 Related Articles]
Calderon, Rodrigo, conde de Oliva, marques de Siete Iglesias Spanish royal favourite who enjoyed considerable authority during the ascendancy of Francisco Gomez, duque de ...
Calderon, Sila Maria Puerto Rican politician and governor of Puerto Rico (2001-05), the first woman to hold the ... [1 Related Articles]
Calderone (from the article "Gran Sasso d'Italia") ...Corno Grande, or Monte (mount) Corno, the highest point (9,554 feet [2,912 m]) of the ...
Calderone, Mary Steichen American physician and writer who, as cofounder and head of the Sexuality Information and Education ... [1 Related Articles]
Calderwood, David Scottish Presbyterian minister and historian of the Church of Scotland.
Caldey Island island in Carmarthen Bay of the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) county, Wales. It lies ...
Caldicott, Helen Broinowski Australian-born American physician and activist whose advocacy focused on the medical and environmental hazards of ...
caldoche (from the article "New Caledonia") ...population and Europeans about one-third. Their differing cultures have given rise to two distinct ways ...
Caldwell city, seat (1892) of Canyon county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., on the Boise River. It originated ...
Caldwell borough (township), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 9 miles (14 km) northwest ...
Caldwell, Erskine American author whose unadorned novels and stories about the rural poor of the American South ... [3 Related Articles]
Caldwell, James (from the article "Wood Family") ...for a time and later with Humphrey Palmer. By 1783 Enoch was established in Burslem ...
Caldwell, Sarah American opera conductor, producer, and impresario, noted for her innovative productions of challenging and difficult ... [1 Related Articles]
Caldwell, Taylor highly popular American novelist, known for her family sagas and historical fiction.
Cale, Guillaume (from the article "Jacquerie") ...1358, an uprising began near Compiegne and spread quickly throughout the countryside. The peasants destroyed ...
Cale, John (from the article "Smith, Patti") Signed to a contract with Arista Records, she released her first album,
Caleb in the Old Testament, one of the spies sent by Moses from Kadesh in southern ... [1 Related Articles]
Caledon River tributary of the Orange River in southeastern Africa. It rises in the Drakensberg, on the ... [3 Related Articles]
Caledonia historical area of north Britain beyond Roman control, roughly corresponding to modern Scotland. It was ...
Caledonia county, northeastern Vermont, U.S., bounded on the southeast by New Hampshire, the Connecticut River constituting ...
Caledonia (from the article "typography") ...using designs made up of repeated decorative units like early printers' fleurons, were extremely successful. ...
Caledonia Bay (from the article "Darien, Gulf of") ...mangrove-lined arm lying between Caribana Point and Cape Tiburon, Colombia. The delta of the Atrato ...
Caledonian Canal waterway running southwest to northeast across the Glen Mor fault of northern Scotland and connecting ... [2 Related Articles]
Caledonian orogenic belt range of mountains situated in northwestern Europe, developed as a result of the opening, closure, ... [7 Related Articles]
Caledonian orogeny (from the article "Devonian Period") ...Silurian Period, resulted from the closing of the Iapetus Ocean (which was the precursor of ...
Caledonian Union (from the article "New Caledonia") ...and voted a local budget. By 1953 French citizenship had been granted to all New ...
calendar any system for dividing time over extended periods, such as days, months, or years, and ... [18 Related Articles]
Calendar Round (from the article "Mayan calendar") ...civilizations. The calendar was based on a ritual cycle of 260 named days and a ...
calendar stone (from the article "Aztec calendar") A circular calendar stone measuring about 12 feet (3.7 metres) in diameter and weighing some ...
calendering process of smoothing and compressing a material (notably paper) during production by passing a single ... [2 Related Articles]
Calepino, Ambrogio one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino ... [1 Related Articles]
Calexico city and port of entry, Imperial county, southern California, U.S. It is located at the ...
calf (from the article "meat processing") These animals are usually stunned mechanically, but some sheep slaughter facilities also use electrical stunning. ...
Calf of Man (from the article "Man, Isle of") ...of the central massif are smooth and rounded as a result of action during various ...
calf roping rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy chases a calf, lassoes it, dismounts, throws the ... [1 Related Articles]
calf's liver (from the article "offal") ...cooking, which rendered the otherwise indigestible animal parts edible. In nutritional terms, several variety meats ...
Calgary city, southern Alberta, Canada. It lies on the western edge of the Great Plains, at ... [2 Related Articles]
Calgary Flames (from the article "Ice Hockey") On the ice the NHL did enjoy a better competitive balance than it had shown ...
Calgary Olympics (from the article "Olympic Games") The city of Calgary first organized a bidding committee for the Winter Olympics in 1957; ...
Calgary Stampede (from the article "Calgary") The Calgary Stampede is a world-famous annual exhibition and stampede (rodeo). It was founded in ...
Calgary Stampeders (from the article "Grey Cup") The CFL consists of two divisions. In the CFL West Division are the British Columbia ...
Calheiros, Renan (from the article "Brazil") In early February the Congress convened, and the Senate reelected Alagoas Sen. Renan Calheiros of ...
Calhoun city, seat of Gordon county, northwestern Georgia, U.S. It lies near the Oostanaula River, 21 ...
Calhoun county, central South Carolina, U.S. It consists of a low-lying Coastal Plain region south of ...
Calhoun, John C American political leader who was a congressman, secretary of war, seventh vice president (1825-32), senator, ... [9 Related Articles]
Calhoun, Lee American athlete, the first to win successive gold medals in the Olympics for the 110-metre ...
Calhoun, Rory American actor whose chance meeting with actor Alan Ladd led him to a career as ...
Cali city, capital of Valle del Cauca departamento, western Colombia, on both sides of the Cali ... [2 Related Articles]
Cali Mahdi Maxamed (from the article "Somalia") ...triggered a bitter feud between rival Hawiye clan factions. The forces of the two rival ...
Cali Xuseen Xirsi (from the article "African literature") ...("Reconnaissance") and Horseed ("Vanguard"), fostered Somali writing in the 1960s. The first ...
Caliban a feral, sullen, misshapen creature in Shakespeare's The Tempest . The son of ... [1 Related Articles]
calibration (from the article "measurement") ...reference signal of known quantity that has been subdivided or multiplied to suit the range ...
calibre in firearms, unit of measure indicating the interior, or bore, diameter of a gun barrel ... [4 Related Articles]
calichimicin (from the article "organosulfur compound") Calichimicin (esperamicin) is a highly potent antitumour agent produced by bacteria of the Actinomycetales order ...
calicivirus (from the article "virus") ...Coxsackie viruses, echoviruses), cardioviruses, rhinoviruses (common cold viruses), and aphthoviruses (foot-and-mouth disease virus of cattle). Family ...
calico all-cotton fabric woven in plain, or tabby, weave and printed with simple designs in one ... [2 Related Articles]
Calico Act (from the article "colonialism, Western") ...poorer classes, though dainty fabrics for the wealthy also paid well. Imports of calicoes (inexpensive ...
Calidris bird genus in the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes), which includes the shorebirds known as dunlin, ... [1 Related Articles]
Calidritinae (from the article "ruff") in zoology, Old World bird of the sandpiper subfamily Calidritinae (family Scolopacidae, order Charadriiformes) remarkable ...
California constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted as the 31st state ... [70 Related Articles]
California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, oldest scientific institution in the western United States (incorporated 1853). The academy ...
California Aqueduct principal water-conveyance structure of the California State Water Project, U.S. From the Sacramento River delta ... [1 Related Articles]
California bayberry (from the article "bayberry") ...in the bayberry family (Myricaceae), but especially M. pennsylvanica, also called candleberry, whose grayish waxy ...
California black oak (from the article "black oak") The California black oak (Q . kelloggii ), a deciduous tree native to western North America, is ...
California bluebell (from the article "Phacelia") ...slopes of southern California, bears blue, five-lobed blooms in loose sprays over the dark green, ...
California condor (from the article "condor") Adult California condors are mostly black, with bold white wing linings, and bare red-to-orange head, ...
California Current surface oceanic current, southward-flowing continuation of the Aleutian Current along the west coast of North ... [3 Related Articles]
California Desert Protection Act (from the article "Death Valley") ...national monument. The national monument was expanded several times, including in 1937 and in 1952, ...
California flying fish (from the article "flying fish") ...winglike, rigid fins and an unevenly forked tail. Some species, such as the widely distributed ...
California Fruit Canners Association (from the article "Del Monte Foods") In the 1870s and '80s California became a major producer of fruits and vegetables; and, ...
California Gold Rush (from the article "California") The Gold Rush hastened statehood in 1850 (as a part of the Compromise of 1850); ...
California ground squirrel (from the article "dormancy") The woodchuck, the dormouse, and the California ground squirrel enter hibernation in successive stages, with ...
California gull (from the article "gull") ...has a black head and bill, a gray mantle, and pinkish to reddish legs. It ...
California in the 18th and 19th centuries When California was first described in Encyclopaedia Britannica 's first edition (1768-71), it ...
California Indian member of any of the Native American peoples who have traditionally resided in the area ... [10 Related Articles]
California Institute of Technology private coeducational university and research institute in Pasadena, California, U.S., emphasizing graduate and undergraduate instruction ... [3 Related Articles]
California Institute of the Arts private coeducational institution of higher learning in Valencia, California, U.S., dedicated to the visual and ...
California king snake (from the article "king snake") ...seven subspecies) is found throughout the United States and northern Mexico. It is variable in ...
California laurel aromatic evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae). It occurs on the Pacific coast of ...
California live oak (from the article "live oak") California live oak (Q . agrifolia ) and interior live oak (Q . wislizenii ), native to western North ...
California Microwave Systems (from the article "Outsourcing War-The Surge in Private Military Firms") ...responsibility for the safety of PMF employees working in war zones is undefined. The families ...
California Missions (from the article "Serra, Junipero, Blessed") ...of Alta California (present-day California), Serra joined the expedition's commander, Gaspar de Portola. On July ...
California mussel (from the article "Representative animals poisonous when eaten") The starfish Pisaster ochraceus is a keystone species in the rocky marine intertidal communities off ...
California nutmeg (Torreya californica ), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), found naturally only in ...
California Packing Corporation (from the article "Del Monte Foods") ...and, in 1899, 11 of the state's biggest canners merged under the name California Fruit ...
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica ), annual garden plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae) native to the southwestern United ... [2 Related Articles]
California privet (from the article "privet") ...It has 25-centimetre (10-inch) flower clusters in summer. Japanese privet (L. japonicum ), about 4.7 m ...
California Psychological Inventory (from the article "personality assessment") ...a number of important problems confronting those who attempt to assess personality characteristics. Many other ...
California quail (from the article "quail") ...to Guatemala. Its name is suggestive of its call. Other than the bobwhite, North American ...
California School of Fine Arts (from the article "Adams, Ansel") ...photography as a fine art. In 1940 he helped found the first curatorial department devoted ...
California scrub oak (from the article "scrub oak") ...as bear oak, native to the eastern United States. It is an intricately branched ornamental ...
California sea lion (from the article "sea lion") The California sea lion, found along the coasts of California (including Baja California, Mexico), the ...
California State University extensive system of public institutions of higher education in California, U.S., one of the largest ...
California State Water Project (from the article "California") ...balance. The Colorado River Aqueduct at the Arizona border carries water from that river across ...
California sycamore (from the article "plane tree") ...characteristics of both in varying degrees. It is a little shorter and more squat than ...
California University of Pennsylvania public, coeducational institution of higher learning in California, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is one of 14 ...
California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (from the article "Native American") ...legal challenges over the next decade, principally suits in which plaintiffs argued that state regulations ...
California white oak (from the article "white oak") The shrubby Gambel oak (Q. gambelii ) may reach 4.5 m (15 feet) tall. The California ...
© 2006, Encyclopædia Universalis France S.A. Tous droits de propriété industrielle et intellectuelle réservés.