A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0-9 Absolute Spirit ... Abu Salabikh, Tall Absolute Spirit (from the article "Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich") ...knows itself as spirit only by contrast with nature. Hegel's system is monistic in having ... absolute temperature scale any thermometric scale on which a reading of zero coincides with the theoretical absolute zero ... [3 Related Articles] absolute truth (from the article "Troeltsch, Ernst") Troeltsch had a considerable influence on younger theologians of his time, especially through his insistence ... absolute zero temperature at which a thermodynamic system has the lowest energy. It corresponds to −273.15 °C ... [3 Related Articles] Absolutely Fabulous British television situation comedy that was broadcast on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in five ... absolution in the Christian religion, a pronouncement of remission (forgiveness) of sins to the penitent. In ... [4 Related Articles] absolutism the political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially ... [30 Related Articles] absorber layer (from the article "solar cell") The three energy-conversion layers below the antireflection layer are the top junction layer, the absorber ... absorbing process (from the article "probability theory") At another extreme are absorbing processes. An example is the Markov process describing Peter's fortune ... absorptiometry (from the article "analysis") In the most often used spectral method, the electromagnetic radiation that is provided by the ... absorption (from the article "adsorption") Adsorption refers to the collecting of molecules by the external surface or internal surface (walls ... absorption in wave motion, the transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the ... [20 Related Articles] absorption (from the article "therapeutics") ...localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. The study of the actions of the ... absorption coefficient (from the article "Absorption coefficients of common materials at several frequencies") ...a fractional amount that is proportional to the thickness of the layer. The change in ... absorption costing (from the article "accounting") The methods of cost finding described in the preceding paragraphs are known as full, or ... absorption dynamometer (from the article "dynamometer") Absorption dynamometers, on the other hand, produce the torque that they measure by creating a ... absorption edge (from the article "spectroscopy") ...just required to remove an electron from a specific inner shell to form an ion. ... absorption line (from the article "star") ...well above the ground level in energy. Only at high temperatures are sufficient numbers of ... absorption spectroscopy (from the article "spectroscopy") Absorption spectroscopy measures the loss of electromagnetic energy after it illuminates the sample under study. ... absorption spectrum (from the article "chemical element") ...an emission, or bright-line, spectrum. When light passes through a gas or cloud at a ... Abstbessingen faience tin-glazed earthenware produced in a factory in the village of Abstbessingen, in Thuringia, which flourished ... abstinence (from the article "capital and interest") ...is, whether there was any identifiable contribution to the general product of society that would ... abstinence (from the article "asceticism") Abstinence and fasting are by far the most common of all ascetic practices. Among the ... abstract (from the article "information processing") ...The purpose of secondary literature is to "filter" the primary information sources, usually by subject ... abstract animation (from the article "motion-picture technology") Although abstract animation can be realized through orthodox animation techniques (as in parts of Fantasia, ... abstract art painting, sculpture, or graphic art in which the portrayal of things from the visible world ... [11 Related Articles] abstract data type (from the article "computer programming language") Abstract data types (ADTs) are important for large-scale programming. They package data structures and operations ... Abstract Expressionism broad movement in American painting that began in the late 1940s and became a dominant ... [15 Related Articles] abstract garden (from the article "garden and landscape design") Two characteristic Japanese styles are the abstract garden and the tea garden. The most famous ... abstract poem a term coined by Edith Sitwell to describe a poem in which the words are ... abstract space (from the article "Frechet, Maurice") French mathematician known chiefly for his contributions to real analysis. He is credited with being ... abstraction (from the article "realism") In the second half of the 20th century the term nominalism took on a somewhat ... abstraction, principle of (from the article "set theory") ...of appropriate, specific objects, the result is a declarative sentence that is true or false. ... Abstraction-Creation association of international painters and sculptors that from 1931 to 1936 promoted the principles of ... [3 Related Articles] Absurd, Theatre of the dramatic works of certain European and American dramatists of the 1950s and early '60s who ... [12 Related Articles] absurdity (from the article "Arabic literature") ...the other area in which his ongoing experiments were most noteworthy, if not always successful, ... Abts, Tomma (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...potential to make a lasting impact on the history of American art." The Turner Prize ... Abu city, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the slopes of Mount Abu, ... Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad az-Zaghall (from the article "Muhammad XI") ...and with the aid of the Abencerrajes family seized the Alhambra in 1482 and was ... Abu 'Ali (from the article "Simjurid Dynasty") ...son Abu ol-Hasan Simjuri created a virtually independent principality centred in Qohestan in southern Khorasan. ... Abu 'Ali Mustafa Palestinian nationalist who was a cofounder (1967) and secretary-general (2000-01) of the Popular Front for ... [1 Related Articles] Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' (from the article "Asma'i, al-") A gifted student of Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala', the founder of the Basra school, al-Asma'i ... Abu 'Inan (from the article "North Africa") ...when the Arab tribes of Tunisia joined in the battle against them, the Marinids were ... Abu 'l-Fadl 'Allami historian, military commander, secretary, and theologian to the Mughal emperor Akbar. [2 Related Articles] Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakri (from the article "Spain") ...and Ibn Wafid, Ibn Bassal, and Ibn al-'Awwam (11th and 12th centuries) quote Varro, Virgil, ... Abu 'Ubaydah (from the article "A'sha, al-") pre-Islamic poet whose qasidah ("ode") is included by the critic Abu 'Ubaydah (d. 825) in ... Abu adh-Dhawwud Muhammad (from the article "'Uqaylid Dynasty") ...established themselves in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, Nisibin (modern Nusaybin, Tur.), and Balad (northern Iraq) at ... Abu al-'Abbas (from the article "North Africa") ...between 1348 and 1370, one being ruled from Tunis and the other from Bejaia, with ... Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah Islamic caliph (reigned 749-754), first of the 'Abbasid dynasty, which was to rule over eastern ... [6 Related Articles] Abu al-'Atahiyah first Arab poet of note to break with the conventions established by the pre-Islamic poets ... [2 Related Articles] Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi (from the article "Judaism") The last outstanding Jewish philosopher of the Islamic East, Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi (who died as ... Abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani literary scholar who composed an encyclopaedic and fundamental work on Arabic song, composers, poets, and ... [3 Related Articles] Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari (from the article "Hamadhani, al-") ...maqamahs are written in a combination of prose, rhymed prose (saj'), and poetry and recount ... Abu al-Fawaris (from the article "Abu Kalijar al-Marzuban ibn Sultan ad-Dawlah") ...ad-Dawlah, died in December 1023/January 1024, Abu Kalijar's succession to the sultan's Iranian possessions of ... Abu al-Fida' Ayyubid dynasty historian and geographer who became a local sultan under the Mamluk empire. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur khan (ruler) of Khiva and one of the most prominent historians in Chagatai Turkish literature. Abu al-Hasan one of the leading Mughal painters of the emperor Jahangir's atelier, honoured by the emperor ... [1 Related Articles] Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Marinid sultan of Morocco (reigned 1331-51) who increased the territories of his dynasty and, for ... [2 Related Articles] Abu al-Hasan 'Ali (from the article "Nasrid dynasty") ...I (1333-54) at Salado River (1340) by Alfonso XI. In 1469 Christian Spain united under ... Abu al-Hayja' 'Abd Allah (from the article "Hamdanid Dynasty") ...taking part in uprisings against the 'Abbasid caliph late in the 9th century. His sons, ... Abu al-Hazm Jahwar ibn Jahwar (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...Years of civil war following the breakdown of central caliphal authority in 1008 prompted the ... Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (from the article "Mu'tazilah") Among the most important Mu'tazili theologians were Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (d. c. 841) and an-Nazzam ... Abu al-Jaysh Ishaq (from the article "Ziyadid Dynasty") ...in return for tribute. More territory, including Zabid itself, was lost to the sectarian Qarmatians ... Abu al-Muzaffar ibn Yunus (from the article "Ibn al-Jawzi") ...zeal antagonized many liberal theologians. His power within the Baghdad establishment owed a great deal ... Abu al-Qasim Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical text, combining Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman classical teachings, ... [2 Related Articles] Abu al-Qasim ibn Wasul (from the article "North Africa") ...after the 740s, when Miknasah Berbers (a group affiliated with the Sufriyyah) migrated from northern ... Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abbad (from the article "'Abbadid dynasty") In 1023 the qadi (religious judge) Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abbad declared Sevilla independent of ... Abu al-Walid Muhammad al-Rashid (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...a republic. Jahwar was elected head and, as virtually an absolute sovereign ostensibly assisted by ... Abu Bahr (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...region once was the delta of Wadi Al-Rimah-Al-Batin, and Al-Budu' Plain was the delta of ... Abu Bakar sultan of the Malay state of Johore (now part of Malaysia) from 1885 to 1895. ... Abu Bakr Muhammad's closest companion and adviser, who succeeded to the Prophet's political and administrative functions, thereby ... [14 Related Articles] Abu Bakr al-Khwarizmi (from the article "Hamadhani, al-") Al-Hamadhani, often known as Badi' az-Zaman ("Wonder of the Age"), achieved an early success through ... Abu Bakr al-Lamtuni (from the article "Yusuf ibn Tashufin") In 1061 Abu Bakr, who was then the leader of the Almoravids, went south into ... Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd ibn Zangi (from the article "Iran") ...the arts, as parvenu, competitive courts are wont to do. The poet Sa'di (died 1292) ... Abu Da'ud (from the article "'ilm al-hadith") ...collections, known as al-kutub as-sittah ("the six books"), arranged by matn-those of al-Bukhari (d. 870), ... Abu Dahdah (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") ...on September 26 in Madrid to 27 years in prison for conspiracy to commit terrorist ... Abu Dhabi city and capital of Abu Zaby emirate, one of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial ... [7 Related Articles] Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...A Japanese consortium operates an offshore rig at Al-Mubarraz, and other offshore concessions are held ... Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...Oil Company (ADNOC). Petroleum production contributes about one-third GDP but employs only a tiny fraction ... Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (from the article "United Arab Emirates") Oil was discovered in Abu Zaby in 1958, and the government of that emirate owns ... Abu Dhahab (from the article "Egypt") ...of the city"), which signified that he was recognized by the other beys as their ... Abu Ghazala, 'Abd al-Halim Egyptian military leader used his position as Egypt's field marshal to help preserve the fragile ... Abu Ghraib prison (from the article "Outsourcing War-The Surge in Private Military Firms") ...corporate members. PMFs have also attracted unwanted attention, however, including allegations that contractors working in ... Abu Ghufayl (from the article "Barghawatah") ...and presented himself as a prophet, teaching a mixture of Islamic, pagan, and astrological beliefs. ... Abu Hafs (from the article "Hafsid dynasty") ...caliph and raised the prestige of the kingdom to its highest point. A period of ... Abu Hafs 'Umar (from the article "North Africa") ...appointed his son as heir apparent in 1154, thus making his family, which did not ... Abu Hamza (from the article "Britain: The Radical Stronghold of European Muslims") ...the Middle East, many of whom in the 1980s had acquired a following among young ... Abu Hanifah Muslim jurist and theologian whose systematization of Islamic legal doctrine was acknowledged as one of ... [3 Related Articles] Abu Hashim (from the article "Hashimiyah") ...that succession to 'Ali's position of imam, or leader, of the Muslim community had devolved ... Abu Hureyra (from the article "agriculture, origins of") The Abu Hureyra site in Syria is the largest known site from the era when ... Abu Ibrahim Ahmad (from the article "Aghlabid dynasty") ...km] south of Kairouan); Ziyadat Allah I (817-838), who broke the rebellion of the Arab ... Abu Ishaq (from the article "Chishtiyah") Muslim Sufi order in India and Pakistan, named for Chisht, the village in which the ... Abu Ishaq as-Sahili (from the article "Timbuktu") ...Musa built the Great Mosque (Djinguereber) and a royal residence, the Madugu (the former has ... Abu Ja (from the article "Suleja") ...137 miles [220 km] north-northeast) about 1804, Muhamman Makau, sarkin ("king of") Zazzau, led many ... Abu Ja'far ibn Hud (from the article "Murcia") ...brought the quarreling states of Muslim Spain under his control, took possession of Murcia in ... Abu Ja'far Muhammad al-Qulini (from the article "Hadith") ...might play. The major Shi'i compilations date from the 4th and 5th centuries and allow ... Abu Jahl (from the article "Muhammad") As Muhammad's message spread, opposition to him grew and was led by 'Amr ibn Hisham, ... Abu Jirab ancient Egyptian site, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Abu Sir, between Saqqarah and ... Abu Kalijar al-Marzuban ibn Sultan ad-Dawlah ruler of the Buyid dynasty from 1024, who for a brief spell reunited the Buyid ... Abu Lahab (from the article "Muhammad") ...families rejected his call, especially those prominent in trade. Even within his family there were ... Abu Madi, Iliya Arab poet and journalist whose poetry achieved popularity through his expressive use of language, his ... Abu Mansur ibn Yusuf (from the article "Ibn 'Aqil") ...those theologians who had been passed over, coupled with his espousal of innovative and controversial ... Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi (from the article "Hadith") ...Muslims, within the unique eminence of the master "pair," and formed the sources of later ... Abu Musa (from the article "Shariqah, Al-") Prior to independence Iran asserted its claim to the Al-Shariqah island of Abu Musa, in ... Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (from the article "Siffin, Battle of") ...appearance of Mu'awiyah's troops with copies of the Qur'an impaled on their lances-supposedly a sign ... Abu Muslim leader of a revolutionary movement in Khorasan who, while acting as an agent for the ... [8 Related Articles] Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi (from the article "Suhrawardiyah") Muslim order of mystics (Sufis) noted for the severity of its spiritual discipline, founded in ... Abu Nasr al-Malik ar-Rahim (from the article "Buyid Dynasty") After the death of 'Adud ad-Dawlah, a slackening economy, dissention in the army, and general ... Abu Nasr Mansur (from the article "mathematics") In addition, in the late 10th century Abu'l-Wafa' and the prince Abu Nasr Mansur stated ... Abu Nidal militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization ... [1 Related Articles] Abu Nidal Organization (from the article "Abu Nidal") militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization ... Abu Nuwas important poet of the early 'Abbasid period (750-835). [5 Related Articles] Abu Nuwas Street (from the article "Baghdad") ...copper, textile, and gold bazaars. South of Rashid Street a commercial area with shops, cinemas, ... Abu ol-Hasan Simjuri (from the article "Iran") ...in the Kuhestan region of southern Khorasan. Alp Tigin founded the Ghaznavid fortunes when he ... Abu Qir Bay semicircular inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between Abu Qir Point (southwest) and the mouth ... [1 Related Articles] Abu Qubays, Mount (from the article "Mecca") ...Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is surrounded by the Sirat Mountains, ... Abu Risha, Sheikh Abdul Sattar (from the article "Iraq") ...following months the tribes were quite successful in this endeavour. In early September 2007, U.S. ... Abu Rishah, 'Umar Syrian poet and diplomat, noted for his early poetry, which broke with the traditions of ... Abu Rujmayn (from the article "Syria") Smaller mountains are scattered about the country. Among these are Mount Al-Duruz, which rises to ... Abu Ruwaysh ancient Egyptian site of a 4th-dynasty (c. 2575-c. 2465 BCE) pyramid built by Redjedef, usually ... Abu Sa'id (from the article "Il-Khanid Dynasty") ...1304-16) converted to Shi'ite Islam in 1310. Oljeitu's conversion gave rise to great unrest, and ... Abu Sa'id (from the article "Jahan Shah") ...Shah's rule the Kara Koyunlu extended their domain over Iraq, Fars, and Esfahan (1453). In ... Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi (from the article "Qarmatian") ...the sect in southern Iraq in the second half of the 9th century. The Qarmatians ... Abu Sa'id ibn Abu al-Khayr (from the article "Persian literature") Probably the first Persian poems written by mystics were robaiyat. An extensive ... Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (from the article "mathematics") However, not only arithmetic and algebra but geometry too underwent extensive development. Thabit ibn Qurrah, ... Abu Salabikh, Tall (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...took place at the end of the 4th millennium. The earliest Akkadian names and words ...

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